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FYJC - Ls. No. 1 Introduction to IT
What is
Information Technology?
• It refers to the
creation, gathering, processing, storage and delivery of information.
Information
Technology can:
• process raw data into useful
information
•
recycle processed information and use it as data in another processing step.
•
pack information in a new form
System
•
A group of
interdependent items that interact regularly to perform a task.
•
E.g. Solar System, Digestive system, Computer System
Information
Systems
• It can be viewed as a work system
where all activities are devoted to different types of digital processing.
•
The main components of a typical information system are computers, stored
facts, instructions and procedures.
What is Data?
•
Data are any
facts, numbers or text than can be processed by a computer.
•
Data in Computers
•
Data in computers is represented in the form of electric pulses.
•
using binary number system which consists of only two digits 0 and 1
•
Data is represented in strings of 0 and 1
Data
Representation
·
A computer
circuit represents the 0 or the 1 electronically by the presence or absence of
an electrical charge
·
Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a
single character in the computer
•
ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Interchange) was the most widely used coding
scheme to represent data.
•
Today, UNICODE is used in Computers and Internet , which can represent worlds all
languages.
Data types in
Common programming languages
•
Integer : It is a
whole number, a number that has no fractional part. E.g 8, 0, -5
•
Boolean: It is logical data type, having two values (true or false)
•
Char: to store readable text (characters)
•
Float: to store floating point numbers i.e. numbers with fractional part E.g.
3.2584
Units of Storage/Memory in Computer
Memory unit is
the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. This storage
capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.
The following
table explains the main memory storage units −
S.No.
|
Unit & Description
|
1
|
Bit (Binary
Digit)
A binary digit
is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a component
in an electric circuit.
|
2
|
Nibble
A group of 4
bits is called nibble.
|
3
|
Byte
A group of 8
bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a data
item or a character.
|
4
|
Word
A computer
word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit,
which varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer.
The length of a
computer word is called word-size or word length. It may be as small as 8
bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer stores the information in the
form of computer words.
|
Unit &
Description
Nibble
1 Nibble = 4 bits
Byte
(B) 1 Byte =
8 bits
Kilobyte
(KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
Megabyte
(MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
GigaByte
(GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
TeraByte
(TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
PetaByte
(PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB
ExaByte
(EB) 1 EB = 1024 PB
ZettaByte
(ZB) 1 ZB = 1024 EB
YottaByte
(YB) 1 YB = 1024 ZB
Information
• Information is processed
data which carries important meaning for any reference.
Data vs
Information
Data
•
Raw facts of
things
•
No contextual meaning
•
Just numbers and text
Information
•
It is processed
data which is meaningful
•
Data with exact meaning
What is Big Data?
•
Big Data is a
collection of data sets so large and complex that it becomes difficult to
process using on-hand database management tools or traditional data processing
application.
Software
• It is a collection of computer
programs and related data that instructs a computer what to do and how to do
it.
•
Software is a conceptual entity which is a set of computer programs,
procedures, and associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data
processing system.
•
Software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its
documentation.
•
Software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly
providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to
another piece of software.
Types of Software
System Software
• It has direct control and
access to your computer hardware, and memory locations.
•
It performs I/O operations on various memory locations and controls the
hardware.
•
It helps other application software to utilize the hardware.
System Software
consists of:
–
Operating System (OS)
–
Utility Programs
Operating System
–
program that is
loaded into the computer and coordinates all the activities among computer
hardware devices
–
controls the hardware in the computer , peripherals, manages memory and files
–
enables the user to communicate with the computer and other software
–
examples of operating system are Microsoft Windows, Macintosh OS X, Linux ,
Unix and also DOS
Utility Programs
–
allows user to perform maintenance-type tasks
–
It has been integrated into most major operating systems such as format, check
and defragment disks
–
examples of utility programs are antivirus and file compression programs
–
Also known as service programs, is a type of system software that allow user to
perform maintenance-type task, usually related to managing a computer
Types of utility
programs:
–
Built in – windows explorer, disk cleanup, disk defragmenter
–
Stand-alone utility – winzip, norton utility, kaspersky
Application
Software
•
Application Software runs under the System Software and used to do specific
task for the users.
•
E.g. Word Processors, Accounting softwares, Spreadsheets, Database management
softwares, Media player, Designing softwares, Web Browsers, Chatting programs,
Games, etc..
Types of
Application Software
•
Word Processing
MS Word,
Write
•
Spreadsheet
MS Excel, Calc
•
Presentation
MS PowerPoint, Impress
•
DBMS
MS Access, MYSQL, Oracle
•
Graphics Editing
Adobe
Photoshop, Corel Draw
•
Multimedia
Vlc media player
•
Accounting
Tally
•
Games
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